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When working with Elasticsearch, sometimes you want to partially update a document, or update only specific fields in a document instead of the whole document.
For example, you may want to update the phone_number field of a user but not the username field. Or you might want to increase the view_count field of a blog post by 1.
In this tutorial, I will show you how to perform partial updates in Elasticsearch version 8.x to update only specific fields in a document using the Update API.
The update API allows you to update a document in Elasticsearch.
The syntax of the update API is as follows:
POST <index>/_update/<id>{ "script": { "source": """ // some script here """, "lang": "painless", "params": { // some params here } }, "doc": { // fields to update here }, "doc_as_upsert": true, // if the document doesn't exist, the "doc" field will be used to create a new document "upsert": { // or if the document doesn't exist, fields inside "upsert" will be used to create a new document // fields to insert here }}
The required fields are:
index: the name of the index to update the document in.
id: the ID of the document to update.
The optional fields are:
script: a script to run before updating the document. The script can be written in Painless or any other scripting language supported by Elasticsearch.
doc: the fields to update in the document.
doc_as_upsert: if the document doesn't exist, the doc field will be used to create a new document.
upsert: if the document doesn't exist, fields inside upsert will be used to create a new document.
Alternatively, you can use the upsert field to create a new document if the document doesn't exist.
Similar to the previous example, I want to increase the age field of a user by 1. If the user doesn't exist, I want to create a new user with the age field set to 0 initially.
I will use the user with ID 3 (which doesn't exist) as an example:
In this tutorial, I have shown you how to perform partial updates in Elasticsearch 8.x to update only specific fields in a document using the Update API.
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